Early forms of Hawaiian spirituality and meditation were largely influenced by the Polynesian settlers who first populated the island chain. The rich culture, which evolved slowly over time, incorporated many aspects of the ancient teachings that promoted well being through spiritual connectedness to self, others and nature. The act of meditation became a way to re-energize the body, release tension and reduce the likelihood of disease affliction. The practice was carried out by the Kahuna as an important part of daily living. Both young and old participated in the ritualistic event, which brought about serenity and mental clarity. In modern times, the form has managed to survive. Its popularity has been maintained on the archipelago despite western influence and the decline of several Hawaiian spiritual practices.

History of Meditation in Hawaii
The early settlers, who came to the island chain some time during the 2 nd century AD, had a profound sense of spirituality and adhered to several religious practices that evolved over time. The main emphasis was on creating a pure connection with the self, which ensured oneness with the universe. Finding one's true identity was just as important as living and breathing to the inhabitants. In the process of liberating and finding the true self all grievances and feelings of guilt or hate had to be abandoned.

The ancient belief of Hooponopono was subsequently very significant to the early natives. It allowed loved ones and neighbors to settle conflicts while promoting forgiveness and resolution. The ritualistic practice was generally carried out by elders on a weekly basis to ensure that peace endured. Failure to promote this healing ritual was generally thought to cause illness and even death.

Meditation figured greatly in the practice of Hooponopono which required total mental clarity and receptiveness to the healing process of forgiveness. Various techniques were used by the natives under the guidance of the Kahuna who was much revered in ancient Hawaiian society. These traditions continued unfailingly for several centuries until the arrival of the missionaries who deemed many of the ancient ways unchristian. By the mid to late 1800s the art of meditation, along with many other cultural forms, were outlawed.

The Kahunas were forced to give up their once prominent positions in society or operate underground, passing on their invaluable lessons. Soon the art of meditation and other ancient religious practices were replaced by Christian moral values which stressed renunciation of sin, prayer and the acceptance of Christ. It was not until the 20 th century that Hawaiians began to re-explore these ancient techniques. Much of the traditions, though lost or distorted, still managed to survive, renewing the Hawaiians' true sense of identity.

Meditation Techniques
The act of mediation requires the practitioner to reach an altered state of existence. The Kahuna is trained in the art of achieving this state whenever necessary. It is best described as a peaceful, centered state which allows deeper reflection and clarity. Yet, the ability to achieve total calm is just the beginning of true meditation. It is believed that once the Kahuna enters this calm, receptive state he then transitions to a plane that is unseen to the eyes, but very much a reality. In Native American cultures, peyote is used to access this area of the mind. This drug induced state mimics or captures completely the true essence of what the Kahuna experiences. The Kahuna, however, is trained to reach this altered state without the use of drugs or other stimuli. It is this ability that allows him the privilege of being considered a holy man worthy of the accolades bestowed upon him.

There are two methods that are used to increase one's ability to access this altered state. One form of active meditation called the Hakalau allows the participant to enter this state quickly and easily. It may sometimes take months or years to master and is generally reserved for the Kahuna. The meaning behind the name Hakalau perhaps explains its application. Its literally translation is "to stare at as in meditation and to allow to spread out". This practically describes what happens while applying this technique.

The overall process occurs in stages. First the participant must find an area with little distractions, which allows total focus. The suggested spot would be right in front of a wall. The spot should not be marked, but instead it must be visualized. It is recommended that this spot be slightly above eye level. As the participant stares at the spot he or she is encouraged to let go. This means freeing the mind of all thoughts and giving full attention to the spot. Once the focus remains steady a slight shift in the vision will occur. Soon the participant sees more than what exists at the center but also at the periphery. This part of the process is called spreading out. The participant is then asked to focus less on what appears at the center and look more intently at those things that appear on the peripheral areas. Once this has been achieved the viewer will be filled with a sense of euphoria and relaxation.

Another technique often used is Ha breathing, which is essential to the overall process. The basic process of Ha involves breathing in deeply while saying Ha. This can be done at any time of day, in an area that allows the participant the ability to relax. It is also recommended in times of stressful situations as a tension reliever and body relaxant. Once the technique is learned, making full use of it is often encouraged.

Benefits of Hawaiian Meditation
The main benefit the practitioner will derive is peace of mind and clarity. This aids with stress reduction and relieves feelings of tension. The ability to effectively manage stress is an important facet of everyday living. Many conditions including cancers, ulcers, nervous disorders and heart disease may be triggered by a prolonged state of discontentment and a highly stressful lifestyle. Meditation helps to combat the effects of stress on the body and has the potential to promote healing and overall well being.

The ancient art of Hawaiian meditation continues to thrive today. Many individuals are realizing the importance of proper stress management through natural methods that do not require drugs or other noxious stimulants. For centuries the Hawaiians have enjoyed a relatively peaceful life-style that was promoted by their religious and spiritual beliefs. The value of these past rituals have garnered more interest from individuals who wish to sustain overall well being and peace of mind in these severely stressful times. These practices are ancient but still very much applicable today, deriving several benefits to active participants.

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